(あき)

autumn; fall

(やま)

mountain

(き)

tree / wood

(は)

leaf

(あか)

red

(きいろ)

yellow

(じゅうがつ)

October

(さむい)

cold

(ひ)

day

(おおい)

many

(ほっかいどう)

Hokkaido

(とうほく)

Tohoku (region)

(とても)

very; extremely

(きれい)

pretty, clean

(しゅうまつ)

weekend

(たくさん)

a lot / many

(ひと)

person / people

(いく)

to go

(でんしゃ)

electric train

(バス)

bus

(みんな)

Everyone; everybody

(しゃしん)

photograph

(とる)

to take (in)

(うえ)

top, above

(あさ)

morning

(よる)

night

(きおん)

temperature (air)

(ご)

five

(ど)

degree

(ひくい)

low

(これから)

from now on

(いろ)

color

(みなみ)

south

(ほう)

direction, side

(ひろがる)

to spread

(とうきょう)

Tokyo

(おおさか)

Osaka

(じゅういちがつ)

November

(おわり)

end

(あたたかい)

warm

(ふく)

clothes

(もつ)

to have; to hold

(あめ)

rain

(みち)

road, street, path

(きをつける)

to be careful

~ and ~ (non-exhaustive list)

や connects nouns in a non-exhaustive list, implying there are other items not mentioned.

to become

Expresses a change of state; Kawai became the new commissioner of the Sports Agency.

to become (い-adjective)

Expresses a change of state for い-adjectives. Drop the final い and add くなる. Indicates something has changed or will change to a new state.

did ... (polite past)

Polite past tense of verbs. Formed with verb stem + ました. Used in formal or polite speech to describe completed actions.

is doing, has been doing (ongoing state/action)

Expresses a continuing action or resulting state. Formed with て-form + いる. Can describe an action in progress or a state resulting from a past change.

to / toward (direction/target)

津波への警戒 uses へ to mark the target of the alert (vigilance toward the tsunami).

also / too

Used in '心配する人もいます' — there are ALSO people who are worried (in addition to happy people).

past tense of an i-adjective (polite)

An i-adjective drops い and takes かったです to describe the past politely. 多かったです tells us that libraries closing at 5 p.m. used to be the common case.

than / more than

Indicates comparison. Used to say prices rose on average 2.8% compared to last year.

there are as many as ~

Emphasizes a large quantity. 'There are as many as 140 kinds'.

around ~; approximately (time)

Indicates an approximate time. Around the end of February.

please do ...

Polite request form. Formed with て-form + ください. Used to ask someone to perform an action.

秋の山　木の葉が赤や黄色に

Autumn mountains: the leaves turn red and yellow

十月になって、寒い日が多くなりました。

It is now October, and there are more cold days.

北海道や東北の山では、木の葉が赤や黄色になっています。

In the mountains of Hokkaido and Tohoku, the leaves are turning red and yellow.

とてもきれいです。

They are very beautiful.

週末は、たくさんの人が山へ行きました。

Over the weekend, many people went to the mountains.

電車やバスも人が多かったです。

The trains and buses were crowded too.

みんな、きれいな山の写真をとっていました。

Everyone was taking pictures of the beautiful mountains.

山の上はとても寒いです。

It is very cold at the top of the mountains.

朝と夜は、気温が五度より低い日もあります。

In the morning and at night, there are days when the temperature is below five degrees.

これから、木の葉の色は南の方へ広がります。

From now on, the leaf colors will spread toward the south.

東京や大阪では、十一月の終わりごろにきれいになります。

In Tokyo and Osaka, they will be beautiful around the end of November.

山へ行く人は、暖かい服を持って行ってください。

People going to the mountains, please bring warm clothes.

雨の日は、道に気をつけてください。

On rainy days, please be careful on the paths.