(いんふるえんざ)

influenza, flu

(よぼうせっしゅ)

vaccination, inoculation

(はじまる)

to begin

(さむい)

cold

(きせつ)

Season

(かくち)

various places, everywhere

(びょういん)

hospital

(まいとし)

every year

(ふゆ)

winter

(りゅうこう)

epidemic / trend

(びょうき)

illness, sickness

(たかい)

expensive; high

(ねつ)

fever; heat

(せき)

cough

(しょうじょう)

symptoms

(でる)

to come out; to occur

(せんもんか)

expert, specialist

(わくちん)

vaccine

(こうか)

effect

(やく)

approximately, about

(にしゅうかん)

two weeks

(かかる)

to take (time/money), cost

(じゅういちがつ)

November

(せっしゅ)

inoculation, vaccination

(うける)

to receive

(すすめる)

to recommend

(とくに)

especially / particularly

(おとしより)

elderly person

(ちいさい)

small

(こども)

child

(もつ)

to have; to hold

(ひと)

person / people

(おもい)

heavy

(ちゅうい)

caution, warning

(ひつよう)

necessary / needed

(また)

again

(て)

hand

(あらう)

to wash

(ますく)

mask

(つける)

to attach / put on

(じゅうぶん)

enough; sufficient

(ねる)

to sleep

with ~ approaching, ahead of ~

寒い季節を前に means ahead of the cold season.

is doing, has been doing (ongoing state/action)

Expresses a continuing action or resulting state. Formed with て-form + いる. Can describe an action in progress or a state resulting from a past change.

and (non-exhaustive list)

や lists representative examples — Shikoku and Kyushu among other regions (四国や九州).

such as / etc.

Used to give examples from a larger group.

according to ...

Cites a source of information. The noun before によると is the source. Often followed by a reported statement.

by the time ~ / before ~

までには marks the point by which something must be reached; here it measures the long apprenticeship needed before a maker can go independent.

it is reported that ~, they say that ~

A hearsay ending typical of Japanese news writing. It signals that the figure comes from the ministry rather than from the reporter's own observation.

therefore; for that reason

Connects cause and result — because of more investors and profits, more people buy stocks.

around ~; approximately (time)

Indicates an approximate time. Around the end of February.

by (a certain time)

Indicates a deadline — by February of next year, the company aims to restore shipping.

passive voice: was/were ~ed

Passive form indicating that the subject receives the action. '食べられて' means 'were eaten'. Central grammar of this article about tulips being eaten by deer.

to become

Expresses a change of state; Kawai became the new commissioner of the Sports Agency.

easy to ~ / tends to ~

Used in 'うつりやすくて' meaning 'easily contagious / easy to catch'.

because ~ / since ~

Causal connector. Because JA is buying at higher prices, store prices will also rise.

it is important that ~

Used to express importance of an action. Here cooperation between Japan and China is described as important.

to say that ~ (quotation)

と話しています reports what a company representative said.

インフルエンザの予防接種が始まる

Flu vaccinations begin

寒い季節を前に、各地の病院でインフルエンザの予防接種が始まっています。

With the cold season approaching, flu vaccinations have begun at hospitals around the country.

インフルエンザは毎年冬に流行する病気で、高い熱やせきなどの症状が出ます。

Influenza is an illness that spreads every winter, causing symptoms such as high fever and coughing.

専門家によると、ワクチンの効果が出るまでには約二週間かかるということです。

According to experts, it takes about two weeks for the vaccine to take effect.

そのため、流行が始まる前の十一月ごろまでに接種を受けることがすすめられています。

For that reason, people are advised to get vaccinated by around November, before the flu starts to spread.

特に、お年寄りや小さい子ども、病気を持っている人は、重い症状になりやすいので注意が必要です。

In particular, elderly people, small children and people with illnesses easily develop severe symptoms, so they need to be careful.

また、専門家は、手を洗うことやマスクをつけること、十分に寝ることも大切だと話しています。

Experts also say that washing hands, wearing a mask and getting enough sleep are important.